Izinto ezithintela ilangatye Iintsapho zelaphu
Izinto ezithintela umlilo zihlala zongezwa kwiimveliso zabathengi ukuze zihlangabezane nemigangatho yokutsha kwefenitshala, amalaphu, izinto ze-elektroniki, kunye neemveliso zokwakha ezifana nokufakelwa ubushushu.
Amalaphu angamelana nomlilo anokuba ziintlobo ezimbini: iifayibha zendalo ezingamelani nomlilo okanye aphathwe ngekhemikhali engamelani nomlilo. Uninzi lwamalaphu luvutha lula kwaye lunobungozi bomlilo ngaphandle kokuba luphathwe ngezinto ezithintela umlilo.
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye liqela elahlukeneyo leekhemikhali ezongezwa kakhulu kwiimveliso zelaphu ukuthintela okanye ukulibazisa ukusasazeka komlilo. Iintsapho eziphambili zezinto ezithintela ilangatye ezisetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lwelaphu zezi: 1. IiHalogens (iBromine kunye neChlorine); 2. IPhosphorus; 3. INitrogen; 4. IPhosphorus kunye neNitrogen
Ii-BFR zisetyenziselwa ukuthintela imililo kwizixhobo ze-elektroniki kunye nezixhobo zombane. Umzekelo, kwiindawo ezivalekileyo zeTV kunye neemonitha zekhompyutha, iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo, iintambo zombane kunye neefoam zokuthintela ubushushu.
Kwishishini lempahla, ii-BFR zisetyenziswa kwiingubo zangasemva zelaphu kwiikhethini, izihlalo kunye nefenitshala efakwe upholstery. Imizekelo yi-Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) kunye ne-Polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs).
Ii-BFR ziyaqhubeka kwindalo esingqongileyo kwaye kukho inkxalabo malunga neengozi ezibangelwa zezi khemikhali kwimpilo yoluntu. Ii-BFR ezininzi azivumelekanga ukusetyenziswa. Ngo-2023, i-ECHA yonyuse ezinye iimveliso kuluhlu lwe-SVHC, ezifana ne-TBBPA (CAS 79-94-7), i-BTBPE (CAS 37853-59-1).
Olu didi lusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiipolymers nakwi-textile cellulose fibers. Kwi-halogen-free halogen-flame retardants, ii-triaryl phosphates (ezineendandatho ezintathu ze-benzene eziqhotyoshelwe kwiqela eliqulethe i-phosphorus) zisetyenziswa njengezinye iindlela endaweni ye-brominated flame retardants. I-Organophosphorus flame retardants kwezinye iimeko inokuba ne-bromine okanye i-chlorine.
Umgangatho wokhuseleko lweethoyi i-EN 71-9 uyakwalela izinto ezimbini ezithintela ilangatye le-phosphate kwizixhobo zelaphu ezifikelelekayo ezisetyenziswa kwiithoyi ezenzelwe abantwana abangaphantsi kweminyaka emi-3 ubudala. Ezi zinto zimbini ezithintela ilangatye zifumaneka kakhulu kwizixhobo zelaphu ezigqunywe ngeplastiki efana ne-PVC kunelaphu lelaphu ngokwalo. I-Tri-o-cresyl phosphate, eyona tricresyl phosphate inetyhefu kakhulu, ayinakwenzeka ukuba isetyenziswe kune-tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate.
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye le-nitrogen zisekelwe kwi-melamine ecocekileyo okanye izinto eziphuma kuyo, oko kukuthi, iityuwa ezine-asidi ze-organic okanye ezingaphiliyo. I-melamine ecocekileyo njengezinto ezithintela ilangatye isetyenziselwa ikakhulu ii-polyurethane ezithintela ilangatye ezithambileyo kwifenitshala efakwe upholstery emakhaya, izihlalo zeemoto/iimoto kunye nezihlalo zabantwana. Izinto ezithintela ilangatye ze-Melamine njenge-FRs zisetyenziswa ekwakheni nakwizixhobo zombane neze-elektroniki.
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye zongezwa ngabom ukuphucula ukhuseleko lwempahla.
Qinisekisa ukuba uphepha naziphi na izinto ezithintela ilangatye ezithintelweyo okanye ezingavumelekanga. Ngo-2023, i-ECHA yabhala iMelamine (CAS 108-78-1) kwi-SVHC
Izinto ezithintela ilangatye ezingenalo i-halogen eTaifeng ezisekelwe kwiPhosphorus kunye neNitrogen kwimpahla kunye neefayibha.
Izisombululo zeTaifeng ezingenayo i-halogen zelaphu kunye neefayibha zibonelela ngokhuseleko emlilweni ngaphandle kokudala iingozi ezintsha ngokusebenzisa iikhompawundi eziyingozi zelifa. Umnikelo wethu uquka izinto ezithintela ilangatye ezenzelwe wena ukuvelisa iifayibha ze-viscose/rayon kunye nezithako ezisebenzayo kakhulu zokukhusela amalaphu kunye nolusu olungeyolwenziweyo. Xa kufikwa kumalaphu agqunywe ngasemva, ukusasazwa okusele kusetyenzisiwe kunokumelana nomlilo nasemva kwemijikelo emininzi yokuhlamba kunye nokucoca okomileyo.
Ukhuseleko lomlilo oluqinileyo, iingenelo eziphambili zesisombululo sethu sempahla kunye neefayibha.
Ilaphu elithintela ilangatye lenziwe ngelaphu elithintela ilangatye emva konyango.
Uhlobo lwelaphu olugcina ilangatye livutha: olugcina ilangatye livutha okwethutyana, olugcina ilangatye lihlala ixesha elide kunye nolugcina ilangatye lihlala ixesha elide (oluhlala ixesha elide).
Inkqubo yokuthintela ilangatye yexeshana: sebenzisa i-arhente yokugqiba ethintela ilangatye enyibilikayo emanzini, efana ne-ammonium polyphosphate enyibilikayo emanzini, kwaye uyifake ngokulinganayo kwilaphu ngokuyidipha, ukuyigquma, ukuyixuba okanye ukuyitshiza, njl.njl., kwaye iya kuba nefuthe lokuthintela ilangatye emva kokuba yomile. Ifanelekile. Ingabizi kwaye kulula ukuyiphatha kwizinto ezingadingi kuhlamba okanye ukuhlanjwa rhoqo, njengeekhethini kunye nee-sunshades, kodwa ayixhathisi ekuhlanjweni.
Ukusebenzisa isisombululo se-APP esinyibilikayo emanzini esiyi-10%-20%, i-TF-301, i-TF-303 zombini zilungile. Isisombululo samanzi sicacile kwaye asikhethi cala. Ngokwesicelo sokuthintela umlilo, umthengi unokulungisa uxinzelelo.
Inkqubo yokuthintela umlilo engapheliyo: Oku kuthetha ukuba ilaphu eligqityiweyo linokumelana nokuhlanjwa okuncinci izihlandlo ezili-10-15 kwaye libe nefuthe lokuthintela umlilo, kodwa alimelani nesepha eshushu kakhulu. Le nkqubo ifanelekile kwilaphu lokuhombisa ngaphakathi, izihlalo zeemoto, izigqubuthelo, njl.
I-TF-201 ibonelela ngesixhobo sokuthintela ilangatye esingabizi kakhulu, esingena-halogenated, esisekelwe kwi-phosphorus kwiingubo zelaphu kunye nezigqubuthelo. I-TF-201, TF-201S, TF-211, TF-212 zifanelekile kwiingubo zelaphu. Ilaphu elithintela ilangatye elihlala ixesha elide. Iitente zangaphandle, iikhaphethi, izigqubuthelo zodonga, izihlalo ezithintela ilangatye (ingaphakathi lezithuthi, iinqanawa, oololiwe kunye neenqwelo-moya) iinqwelo zabantwana, amakhethini, iimpahla zokukhusela.
Ifomula Ethunyelweyo
| I-Amoniun | I-Emulsion ye-Acrylic | Iarhente yokuchithachitha | Iarhente yokunyelisa | Iarhente yokuQonda |
| 35 | 63.7 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 1.0 |
Inkqubo yokugqiba ehlala ixesha elide ethintela umlilo: Inani leempahla zokuhlamba lingafikelela ngaphezu kwezihlandlo ezingama-50, kwaye linokusefwa. Lifanelekile kwiimpahla ezihlanjwa rhoqo, ezifana neempahla zokukhusela emsebenzini, iimpahla zokucima umlilo, iintente, iibhegi, kunye nezinto zasekhaya.
Ngenxa yelaphu elithintela umlilo njengelaphu le-Oxford elithintela umlilo, alitshi, alikwazi ukumelana nobushushu obuphezulu, alikwazi ukufudumala kakuhle, alinyibiliki, alinamanzi, kwaye linamandla aphezulu. Ke ngoko, le mveliso isetyenziswa kakhulu kushishino lokwakha iinqanawa, ukuwelda kwindawo yesakhiwo esikhulu sentsimbi kunye nokugcinwa kwamandla ombane, izixhobo zokukhusela ukuwelda igesi, ishishini leekhemikhali, i-metallurgy, i-theatre, iivenkile ezinkulu, iivenkile ezinkulu, iihotele kunye nezinye iindawo zikawonke-wonke ezine-airing ephakathi, izixhobo zokuthintela umlilo kunye nezokukhusela.
I-TF-211, TF-212, ilungele ilaphu elihlala ixesha elide elithintela umlilo. Kuyimfuneko ukongeza ulwelo olungangeni manzi.
Imigangatho ethintela ilangatye yamalaphu kumazwe ahlukeneyo
Amalaphu athintela ilangatye abhekisela kumalaphu anokucima ngokuzenzekelayo kwimizuzwana emi-2 emva kokushiya ilangatye livulekile nokuba avutha lilangatye livulekileyo. Ngokwendlela yokongeza izinto ezithintela ilangatye, kukho iintlobo ezimbini zamalaphu athintela ilangatye ngaphambi konyango kunye namalaphu athintela ilangatye emva konyango. Ukusetyenziswa kwamalaphu athintela ilangatye kunokulibazisa ngempumelelo ukusasazeka komlilo, ingakumbi ukusetyenziswa kwamalaphu athintela ilangatye kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kunokuthintela iingozi ezingaphezulu.
Ukusetyenziswa kweelaphu ezithintela umlilo kunokulibazisa ukusasazeka komlilo, ingakumbi ukusetyenziswa kweelaphu ezithintela umlilo kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke kunokuthintela iingozi ezingaphezulu. Iimfuneko zokusebenza kokutsha kweelaphu kwilizwe lam zicetywayo ikakhulu kwiimpahla zokuzikhusela, iilaphu ezisetyenziswa kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke, kunye nangaphakathi kwezithuthi.
Imigangatho ethintela ilangatye yaseBritane
1. I-BS7177 (BS5807) ifanelekile kwimpahla efana nefenitshala kunye neematrasi kwiindawo zikawonke-wonke e-UK. Iimfuno ezikhethekileyo zokusebenza komlilo, iindlela zokuvavanya ezingqongqo. Umlilo wahlulwe waba yimithombo yomlilo esibhozo ukusuka ku-0 ukuya ku-7, okuhambelana namanqanaba amane okukhusela umlilo anobungozi obuphantsi, obuphakathi, obuphezulu kunye nobuphezulu kakhulu.
2. I-BS7175 ifanelekile kwimigangatho yokukhusela umlilo esisigxina kwiihotele, kwiindawo zokuzonwabisa nakwezinye iindawo ezixineneyo. Olu vavanyo lufuna ukuba kudlule iintlobo ezimbini okanye ngaphezulu zovavanyo lweShedyuli4Part1 kunye neShedyuli5Part1.
3. I-BS7176 ifanelekile kwiimpahla zokugquma ifanitshala, ezifuna ukumelana nomlilo kunye nokumelana namanzi. Ngexesha lovavanyo, ilaphu kunye nokuzaliswa kufuneka kuhlangatyezwane neShedyuli4Part1, iShedyuli5Part1, ubuninzi bomsi, ubuthi kunye nezinye izalathisi zovavanyo. Ngumgangatho ongqongqo wokukhusela umlilo kwizihlalo ezinephedi kune-BS7175 (BS5852).
4. I-BS5452 iyasebenza kwiingubo zokulala kunye neempahla zokulala ezikwiindawo zikawonke-wonke zaseBritane kunye nayo yonke ifenitshala engeniswe kwamanye amazwe. Kufuneka ukuba zisenokumelana nomlilo emva kokuhlamba okanye ukucoca ngeoyile izihlandlo ezingama-50.
5. Uthotho lweBS5438: Iipijama zabantwana zaseBritane BS5722; Iibhedi zaseBritane BS5815.3; Amakhethini aseBritane BS6249.1B.
Umgangatho oGxothayo weLaphu laseMelika
1. I-CA-117 ngumgangatho wokukhusela umlilo osetyenziswa kube kanye eMelika. Ayifuni kuvavanywa emva kokusetyenziswa kwamanzi kwaye iyasebenza kwiimpahla ezininzi ezithunyelwa eMelika.
2. I-CS-191 ngumgangatho oqhelekileyo wokukhusela umlilo kwiimpahla zokuzikhusela eMelika, ugxininisa ukusebenza komlilo ixesha elide kunye nokuthuthuzela ukunxiba. Itekhnoloji yokucubungula idla ngokuba yindlela yokwenziwa kwamanyathelo amabini okanye indlela yokwenziwa kwamanyathelo amaninzi, enomxholo ophezulu wobugcisa kunye nexabiso elongezelelweyo lenzuzo.
